Different Methods of Preparation, Evaluation and Comparison of One Traditional Oral Liquid Formulation for Potential Antihyperlipidemic Activity in Hyperlipidemic Wistar Rats
Subhajit Ghosh1*, Padala Narasimha Murthy2, Hanumanthachar Joshi1
1Sarada Vilas College of Pharmacy, Mysore-570004, Karnatata, India.
2Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Andhapasara Road, Berampur-760002, Odisha, India.
ABSTRACT:
Kashayam are unique Ayurvedic Formulation, most of them Polyherbal oral dosage form, used as a medicinal rationale. One of them Kokilaksha Kashayam, Quality of Kokilaksha Kashayam depends only on quality of starting materials, processing of ingredients, meticulous crushing, heating cycle.In traditional system of medicine like Ayurveda, Kokilaksha Kashayam is one of the traditional Indian medicine which is a polyherbal preparation treated with plant extract. It is generally used in the treatments of disorders related to Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic,heart, cancer etc. however detailed characterization studies after preparation & comparison with marketed formulation are significant which can express authenticity of the product. Here the research work deals with the preparation of Kokilaksha Kashayam as per the procedure mentioned in the Ayurvedic text and modern method of preparation. Prepared Kokilaksha Kashayam was characterized and identified by different Analytical techniques, then evaluate preclinical pharmacological studies and also compared with Marketed formulations. Special steps concerned in the preparation of Kokilaksha Kashayam include Upakara (Preparation), Jaran (Heating & Stirring), Shoshan (Purification), Dravyaguna parlksa (Pharmacological experiments), tulana parlksa (comparison Study) by traditional or conventional as well as modern methods of preparation. These products obtained from Jaran (Heating & Stirring), Shoshan (Purification) by water extraction (Decoction process) and marketable sample were analyzed for quality control checks, the parameters mentioned in Ayurvedic texts as well as in modern techniques of evaluation, and pre-clinical pharmacological studies such as Assay of lipid per-oxidation, Hypolipidemic Activity etc were done to find out nature and form of the prepared formulation. Analyzed the in-vitro with in-vivo Anti-hyperlipidemic activity, bio-accessibility of Kokilaksha Kashayam were also determined. The Study reveals that the prepared Kokilaksha Kashayam-T and Kokilaksha Kashayam-M was shown the antioxidant activity was expanded in focus subordinate way. Kokilaksha Kashayam -T and Kokilaksha Kashayam-M repressed the ferrous sulfate prompted lipid per-oxidation in a measurements subordinate way and demonstrated inhibitory focus (IC50) esteem 166.173 and 170.284 µg/ml individually observed from graphical representation. By Oral Administration of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T and Kokilaksha Kashayam-M for nine weeks at the measurement of 2 ml/kg fundamentally decreased serum cholesterol, serum LDL and serum triglycerides while indicated critical ascent in serum HDL when contrasted with high fat eating routine encouraged control gathering. Marketed Kokilaksha Kashayam additionally demonstrated critical decline in serum cholesterol, serum LDL, serum triglycerides and indicated noteworthy ascent in serum HDL. Atorvastatin (1.2 mg/kg, p.o.) was utilized as standard antihyperlipidemic drug.The Study confirmed prepared two kinds of Kokilaksha Kashayam as Kokilaksha Kashayam-T and Kokilaksha Kashayam-M and Compared with Marketed Formulation indicated noteworthy decrease in atherogenic record when contrasted with high fat eating routine bolstered control amass which emphatically underpins antiatherosclerotic property of Kokilaksha Kashayam. Hence, it is concluded that Kokilaksha Kashayam can be very useful as cardiac disorder and extending the freshly prepared more active than Marketed formulation.
KEYWORDS: Kokilaksha Kashayam, Lipid peroxidation, Atherogenic index, Antihyperlipidemic activity, Atorvastatin.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Very Very highly increasing awareness on Ayurveda might also play a significant and efficient role in addressing the chronic illnesses highly prevalent in civilization. Additionally, researches are on what has been termed the “Maharishi effect” indicating that groups of individuals practicing meditation may reduce crime and aggression on an outsized scale and might control on other psychological problem.
The relationship of raised serum cholesterol and triglycerides with cardiovascular illness is outstanding. Hypolipidemic drugs are those, which bring reduce the amount of lipids and lipoproteins in blood1. The hypolipidemic drugs have pulled in impressive consideration in sight of their capability to counteract cardiovascular ailment by impeding the quickened atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic people which causes hypertension lastly can cause heart assault. this can be the second driving reason for death on the planet. Heart assault can happen in any person, shows itself in numerous routes as a sudden scene of shortcoming of half the body, perplexity, slurring of discourse, visual aggravations, migraine, vertigo, modified awareness, more often than not happening altogether2.
Kokilaksha Kashayam:
Kokilaksha Kashayam could be a polyherbal liquid Ayurvedic oral formulation and is employed for therefore many reasons one among them as Antihyperuricemic, Anti-arthritis or Anti-rheumatic, Immunomodulatory, detoxifier or Aam Pachak and (AMA-NASHAK) or, Anti-inflammatory or for joint pains, Analgesic, Antioxidant, Digestive stimulant, Carminative, Antacid (when Pippali churna is not added or added in less than 125 mg), Febrifuge, Hepatoprotective, Hematogenic (helps in formation of red blood cells), blood purifier, used for the treatment of anemia and advised as a choice of remedy in somany disorders.
It contents Kulikhara, Kokilaksah (Asteracantha longifolia), Heart-leaved moonseed, Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) and Indian long pepper, pipli (Piper longum) as per formulation an Adjuvant concentration varies with respect to formulation and uses.
The photographs shows the ingredients used in Kokilaksha Kashayam are shown in fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Photographs of ingredients of Kokilaksha Kashayam
Kokilaksha Kashayam is a polyherbal oral Ayurvedic formulation and is used for Antihyperuricemic, Anti-arthritis or Anti-rheumatic, Immunomodulatory, Aam Pachak and (AMA-NASHAK) or detoxifier, Anti-inflammatory or for joint pain, Analgesic, Antioxidant, Digestive stimulant, Carminative, Antacid (when Pippali churna is not added or added in less than 125 mg),Febrifuge, Hepatoprotective, Hematogenic (helps in formation of red blood cells), blood purifier, and also used for the disorders of anemia and sometimes advised as a choice of remedy in some disorders.
The chief or main ingredient(s) of Kokilaksha Kashayam are Asteracantha longifolia and Tinospora cordifolia.
Dried Seeds of Asteracantha longifolia and Dried stems of Tinospora cordifolia3.
The composition and properties of seeds of Asteracantha longifolia and Dried stems of Tinospora cordifolia, have been widely researched and it was accounted for that they contain substantial measure of Asteracantha longifolia (L) Seeds.
Asteracantha longifolia (L) Seeds:
Seed oil pale yellow colour about 23% contain about 72% of linoleic, 10% of oleic, 12% of stearie, and 6% of palmitic and myristic acids, when the seeds of the plant are reported to contain mainly or major constituents like fatty acids, and betulin from the aerial parts of A. longifolia. The HPTLC estimation of lupeol and sitosterol in different part like root, leaves, seeds and stems was reported in solvent system toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol 15:3:1.5 (% v/v). The whole plant also contains lupeol, stigmasterol, an isoflavone glycoside, an alkaloid and small quantities of uncharacterized bases. From the seeds isolation of asterol I, II, III, and IV, asteracanthine and asteracanthicine have been identified and reported.
Tinospora cordifolia Stem:
Terpenoids:- Tinosporide, Furanolactone diterpene, Furanolactone clerodane diterpene, furanoid diterpene, Tinosporaside, ecdysterone makisterone and several glucosides isolated as poly acetate,phenylpropene disaccharides cordifolioside A, B and C, cordifoliside D and E, Tinocordioside, cordioside, palmatosides C and F, Sesquiterpene glucoside tinocordifolioside, Sesquiterpene tinocordifolin4.
Alkaloids:- Tinosporine, (S), Magnoflorine, (S), Berberine, (S), Choline, (S), Jatrorrhizine,(S), 1,2-Substituted pyrrolidine(S), Alkaloids, viz. jatrorrhizine, palmatine,beberine, tembeterine, choline.
Lignans:- 3(a, 4-dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl), (S).
Steroids:- Giloinsterol, (S), ß-Sitosterol, (S), 20a-Hydroxy ecdysone, (S).
Others:- Giloin, Tinosporan acetate, Tinosporal acetate, Tinosporidine, Heptacosanol, Octacosanol, sinapic acid, Tinosponone, two phytoecdysones, an immunologically active arabinogalactan.
These compounds have numerous ideal consequences for human wellbeing, for example, bringing down of human low density lipoproteins, mainly reduce heart disease and cancer like disorders because of only their huge antioxidant property5-8.
Fig.2 Schematic Diagram of various steps involved in preparation of Kokilaksha Kashayam.
In this manner, we embraced the current examination toward assess the hypolipidemic impact of Kokilaksha Kashayam prepared by conventional and recent or modern methods, Kokilaksha Kashayam -T and Kokilaksha Kashayam -M respectively in high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic albino rats.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
2.1 Preparation of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T
This was arranged or prepared by the strategy as specified in Indian traditional text or Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I3. The main or major ingredients of Kokilaksha Kashayam were procured from local or neighboring market, Mysore. As per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, identification of all the individual stuff was done. Authentication of these ingredients was distributed by these ingredients was worn out the Central National Herbarium, Howrah, West Bengal, India. Prepared herbarium has been deposited within the Central National Herbarium, Howrah, West Bengal, India for farther reference.
Kashayam or Kwath along with Kashaya be a characteristic kind of ayurvedic oral liquid formulation prepared through boiling herbal ingredients into water. Water and herbal ingredients are most important ingredients of these types of formulations. However, herbal ingredients can be vary according to the purpose of utilize with beneficial indication. The aforesaid formulation includes mainly aqueous extract of approved herbal ingredients with extremely useful intended for provided that rapid help during a good number of diseases as per Ayurveda. Into contemporary knowledge, name of the process is decoctions. Decoction explains the extraction process of aqueous dissolvable substance like alkaloids etc as of herbal ingredient parts boiling into aqueous medium. This formulation be typically in liquid form. Kashayam exist able to believe because herbal teas of various herbal mixtures used in these.
Majority of the Kashayams are probable in the direction of taste is astringent. The identity of Kashyams, themselves suggest theirs astringent into normally. Inside the Ayurveda, mainly six tastes Kashaya Ras linked as taste an astringent. Though, taste of the aforesaid formulations be able to be varies turn on the herbal ingredients used in theirs formulation. The remedial reimbursement and curative property of the Kashayam too be various responsible on theirs ingredient.
For making the Kashayam basically two ingredients are used
1. As liquid generally used water
2. Herbal ingredients used according to the constitution and formulation of a particular Kashayam
Turn on the nature of the herbal ingredients like dry, wet or soft and rigid in nature; water is an essential for the preparation might exist dissimilar for various Kashayas.
Accordingly, Sharangdhar Samhita, the succeeding ratio must used:
1. 16 Parts water
2. 1 Part herbal ingredient.
Aqueous part required to reduce in 1/8th Part by heating.
As per Ayurvedic Formulary of India, dried herbs after crushing properly were placed during a polished vessel of brass or stainless-steel in conjunction with mentioned quantity of water (16 parts), and permitted to stay an hour. After an hour soaking was completed, this prepared material was warmed at the medium flame until the water for decoction reduced to at least one eighth of the prescribed amount, then the heating was stopped and it absolutely was filtered through unstarched muslin cloth in cleaned and fumigated vessel sometimes required to add Piper longum as an Adjuvant then warm again for few minutes after that incubator for two days at 33oC±1oC. After two days completion was confirmed by standard tests9.The preparation after filtered with unstitched muslin cloth was kept in cleaned covered vessel for further one day. Then it absolutely was poured in clean amber coloured glass bottles previously rinsed with ethyl alcohol, packed and labeled in proper manner.
2.2 Preparation of with Kokilaksha Kashayam-M:
Method of preparation was same as followed with Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, only adding Piper longum as an Adjuvant, the amount of Piper longum will be change as per formulation 10.
2.3 Animals:
Here used the Wistar albino rats all were Adult, weight range was in-between 200-220g of either sex were accommodating to the ordinary environmental situation in the animal house for one week or 7 days as mentioned in CPCSEA. All The animals were housed and kept in standard cages which is made by polypropylene and maintained under the controlled room temperature (22 oC±2oC), humidity (55±5%) with 12/12 hour light and dark cycle as mentioned in CPCSEA guidelines. To all the animals were given a chow diet as per standard guidelines mentioned (Hindustan Lever Limited), and water ad libitum also. The guidelines of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) of the Government of India were followed and prior permission was taken from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (CPCSEA No.: 706/CPCSEA/dated 01.10.2002).
2.4 Chemicals:
Thiobarbituric acid was purchased from Loba Chemie, India. Ferrous sulphate, trichloro acetic acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium hydroxide were of analytical grade and purchased from Ranbaxy Fine Chemicals.
2.5 Assay process of lipid per oxidation:
The range for per-oxidation of lipid in goat liver homogenate and that was measured by in vitro in terms of formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by using standard method11 with the help of spectrophotometer analysis.
Goat liver was collected from local or neighboring slaughter house. It’s all lobes were dried through blotting paper (to remove excess amount of blood and water) and were takeaway into very small pieces through a heavy-duty blade. Then all they were homogenized by glass-teflon homogenizing tubes in cold phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4).
It absolutely was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min, then supernatant was diluted with phosphate buffer saline up to the final concentration of protein 0.8-1.5 mg/0.1ml. Protein concentration was measured by using standard method 12.
To check the comparative or relative response, exactly the experimental method was mainly divided into five different groups. Liver homogenate (5%, 3ml) was aliquoted to 7 separate glass petri-dishes was used. The primary 2 groups of them were treated as control group and standard group where buffer and Vit. E was added respectively as per standard process properly. Within the 3rd to 7th group, various concentration (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µg/ml) of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T and Kokilaksha Kashayam-M were used for the study of response. The per oxidation of Lipid was taken initiated by adding 100µl of 15mM ferrous sulphate solution to 3 ml of homogenate liver. After 30 min or ½ an hour, 100µl of this particular reaction mixture was taken during a tube containing 1.5ml of 10% trichloroacetic acid. After 10 min, duration of time, tubes were centrifuged and supernatant was separated then mixed with 1.5ml of 0.67% thio-barbituric acid. The entire mixture was heated through water bath at 850C for 30 min, then on boiling water bath to proceed and complete the whole reaction. The intensity of colored complex, which was pink and formed that was measured at 535 nm (Visible light wave length).
The percentage of inhibition, per oxidation of lipid was calculated and measured by comprise the results of the test with those of controls as per the following formula i.e. Eq. (1) as-
(Ac- At)
Percentage Inhibition =--------- X 100
Ac
Where, Ac=Control Absorbance and At =Test Absorbance
2.6 Determination of Antihyperlipidemic Activity Experimental design:
All the experimental animals kept as per standard protocol for the purpose of specific research were randomly divided into the six groups where each group contains six animals [fig 3]
All the doses were given after the study of toxicity and dose calculation.
Group I (-ve Control): Given Normal diet (Standard chow diet only )
Group II (+veControl): Given High Fat Diet (HFD)only.
Group III: HFD + Kokilaksha Kashayam-T (2.0 ml/kg/day p.o)
Group IV: HFD + Kokilaksha Kashayam -M (2.0 ml/kg/day p.o)
Group V: HFD + marketed Kokilaksha Kashayam (2.0 ml/kg/dayp.o)
Group VI: HFD +Atorvastatin (1.2 mg/kg/day p.o)
|
|
|
|
Fig. 3: Adult Wistar albino rats |
|
The two diets composition as follows:
Control Diet (Normal):
1. Wheat flour 100g, 2. Sucrose 50g. 3. Hydrogenated vegetable oil 5ml, 4. Casein 20g, 5. Cellulose 4g, 6. Salt mixture (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2) 1.5g, 7. Citric acid 0.5ml,
8. Vitamin B complex composition.
High fat Diet:
1.Wheat flour 100g, 2. Sucrose 50 g, 3. Hydrogenated vegetable oil 10ml, 4. Casein 20g, 5. Butter 10g, 6. Cellulose 4g, 7. Salt mixture (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2): 1.5g, 8. Cholesterol (dried egg yolk) 0.5g, 9. Citric acid 0.5ml, 10. Vitamin B complex composition.
Procedure:
Group I represent as normal control group and was introduce normal or ordinary saline with diet. Group II, III, IV, V and VI introduced high fat diet with cholesterol for development of hyperlipidemia. additionally with this, group III, IV and V were administered with Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, Kokilaksha Kashayam-M and Marketed Kokilaksha Kashayam (2 ml/kg/day p.o) correspondingly while group VI received standard drug, Atorvastatin as a 1.2 mg/kg/day p.o for nine weeks13.
Body weight of each and every animal was identified from the starting up to the end of the whole experiment. During the entire period of experiment, freely access of food and water was provided to the each and every animal as per requirement and standard protocol. 20 hours prior the end of the whole experiment, food was withdrawn and blood samples were collected from retro-orbital plexus. After that the blood samples were centrifuged for 12 min at 1600 rpm for the separation of serum. Serum total cholesterol 14, serum HDL 15, serum LDL15, serum VLDL16 and serum triglycerides16, were determined or identified in each blood sample.
These parameters were estimated or quantified by using Span Diagnostic and Erba Diagnostic Kits. The LDL, VLDL and Atherogenic index were calculated by using the following Friedewald formulae15
LDL = TC – HDL – VLDL (where VLDL = TG/5
Atherogenic index = (LDL+VLDL)/HDL
Where, VLDL=Very low-density lipoproteins, LDL= low-density lipoproteins, TC=Total cholesterol, HDL= high-density lipoproteins, TG= Triglycerides.
2.7 Statistical Analysis:
The entire results after data collected where expressed by Mean ± SEM. The Statistical analysis of whole information among the various groups was calculated by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey’s test and by using Graph Pad Prism software of statistics which is easily available now a day’s everywhere, easy to use and very negligible errors. Significance value (P<0.05) was considered statistically significant as compared with the control group.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
3.1 Lipid per oxidation Assay:
The results was expressed in Fig. 4, it was identified that Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, Kokilaksha Kashayam-M and its marketed formulation, inhibited ferrous sulphate induced lipid per oxidation in a dose dependent manner. Kokilaksha Kashayam-T and Kokilaksha Kashayam-M at 300 µg/ml expressed maximum amount of inhibition, which was almost equal to the inhibition produced by Vit. E (5mM). The IC50 values were found to be 166.173, 170.284 and 164.886 µg/ml with Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and its marketed formulation respectively. The inhibition manly could be caused by the absence of ferryl-perferryl complex or by changing the ratio of ferric into ferrous or by reducing the rate of conversion of ferrous into ferric or by changing the iron itself or combination thereof 11.
Table 1. Effect of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and its marketed formulation with the help of Lipid per oxidation model.
|
Concentration (µg/ml) |
Percentage Inhibition |
||
|
Kokilaksha Kashayam -T |
Kokilaksha Kashayam-M |
Marketed Kokilaksha Kashayam |
|
|
300 |
58.6 |
56.2 |
57.5 |
|
250 |
55.3 |
54.3 |
55.4 |
|
200 |
53.2 |
51.5 |
53.2 |
|
150 |
35.7 |
31.2 |
35.2 |
|
100 |
27.6 |
25.6 |
27.1 |
Fig. 4. Effect of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and its marketed formulation with the help of Lipid per oxidation model. All statistical values are expressed by Mean±SEM of three replicates
3.2 Hypolipidemic activity:
A considerable decreasing in the body weight of Adult wistar albino rats was identified in Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, Kokilaksha Kashayam-M and its marketed formulation treated groups as compared to high fat died fed control group as shown in Fig. 5.
Table-2 Effect of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and its marketed formulation with the help, body weight of HFD induced hyperlipidemic rats.
|
S.NO |
Different groups and treatment |
Body weight (gms) |
|
1. |
Normal |
215.3 |
|
2. |
HFD Control |
233.3 |
|
3. |
HFD+ Kokilaksha Kashayam -T |
224.2 |
|
4. |
HFD+ Kokilaksha Kashayam -M |
225.5 |
|
5. |
HFD+ Marketed Kokilaksha Kashayam |
224.4 |
|
6. |
HFD+ Atrovastatin (Std) |
215.6 |
Fig. 5. Effect of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and its marketed formulation with the help,body weight of HFD induced hyperlipidemic rats, HFD- high fat diet.
All statistical values are expressed by statistically, Mean±SEM, i; P<0.001 significant as compared with the normal group, ii, P<0.001 significant as compared with the HFD control group
More than one hundred nine (109%) increase in serum total cholesterol level was noticed or identified in rats fed with high fat diet as compared to rats fed with normal diet. After Administration of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and its marketed formulation expressed significant reduction cholesterol level in serum, LDL in serum, triglycerides in serum while showed significant rise HDL in serum as compared to high fat diet fed control group as shown and identified in table 3.
Table. 3. Effect of Kokilaksha Kashayam -T, M and its marketed formulation with the help of serum lipid profile level in HFD induced hyperlipidemic rats; HFD-high fat diet.
|
Different groups and treatment |
Mg/dl |
||||
|
Cholesterol |
HDL |
LDL |
VLDL |
Triglycerides |
|
|
Normal |
109.4 |
59.3 |
44.5 |
25.3 |
88.2 |
|
HFD Control |
220.3 |
48.2 |
140.2 |
30.2 |
151.2 |
|
HFD+ Kokilaksha Kashayam-T |
142.3 |
50.4 |
62.3 |
28.2 |
102.6 |
|
HFD+ Kokilaksha Kashayam-M |
143.2 |
51.4 |
62.4 |
25.5 |
101.7 |
|
HFD+ Marketed Kokilaksha Kashayam |
140.2 |
50.2 |
61.2 |
24.3 |
99.4 |
|
HFD+ Atrovastatin (Std) |
100.3 |
48.3 |
45.2 |
24.2 |
95.7 |
All statistical values are expressed statistically by Mean±SEM, i ; P<0.001 significant as compared to normal group ii ; P<0.001 significant as compared to HFD control group.
All the above-mentioned test formulations of Kokilaksha Kashayam as Kokilaksha Kashayam -T, M and its marketed formulation also showed or expressed significantly decreasing into Atherogenic index as compared with high fat diet control group as shown or expressed in Fig.7, which was strongly supports anti-atherosclerotic property of Kokilaksha Kashayam.
3.3 Analysis of Atherogenic index:
Lipids are widely or mainly involved in the responsible oxidative reactions and these reactions can be induced by free radicals known as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Oxidative stress caused or developed by ROS in the living cell which is associated with various diseases, like coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, inflammation, cancer, anemia, and age related disorders like muscular degeneration and ageing. Use of anti-oxidant substances (substances that when present in low concentrations with those of an oxidizable substrate, significantly retard oxidation of that substance) can postpone or delay problems caused by ROS and they retard oxidation process. Enzyme modifying actions of anti-oxidants could account for their pharmacological activities. In our present observation by studying Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and Marketed Formulation were evaluated or identified for free radical scavenging activity and showed potent anti-oxidant activity and evidenced that free radical scavenging potential helps in the ameliorating disease process17.
Table 4. Effect of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and its marketed formulation with the help of Atherogenic index in HFD induced hyperlipidemic rats.
|
S.No |
Different groups and treatment |
Atherogenic index |
|
1. |
Normal |
0.99 |
|
2. |
HFD Control |
3.73 |
|
3. |
HFD+ Kokilaksha Kashayam -T |
1.62 |
|
4. |
HFD+ Kokilaksha Kashayam -M |
1.74 |
|
5. |
HFD+ Marketed Kokilaksha Kashayam |
1.71 |
|
6. |
HFD+ Atrovastatin (Std) |
1.1 |
Fig.7. Effect of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and its marketed formulation with the help of Atherogenic index in HFD induced hyperlipidemic rats; HFD- high fat diet All statistical values are expressed as Mean±SEM,i ; P<0.001 significant as compared to normal group ii ; P<0.001 significant as compared to HFD control group.
In the estimation of hypolipidemic activity significantly reduction in body weight was practically observed or identified in Kokilaksha Kashayam treated groups as compared with high fat diet fed control group which suggests that certain enzymes are secreted from the system in quantity involved in bile acid synthesis and its excretion and this may cause significantly decrease cholesterol level in serum and triglycerides level in serum18.A rise in LDL level may cause deposition of cholesterol in the arteries and aorta and hence it is a direct risk factor developed for the coronary heart disease. LDL mainly carries cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral cells and the smooth muscle cells of the arteries19.HDL promotes or develop the removal or exit of cholesterol from peripheral cells and facilitates its delivery back in to the liver. Therefore, increased levels of HDL are desirable. On the other hand or contrary, high levels of VLDL and LDL promote mainly arteriosclerosis. LDL, especially used in its oxidized form, is taken up by macrophages via a scavenger mechanism. Therefore, anti-atherosclerotic drugs should reduce VLDL and LDL level and/or elevate HDL level. The research or experiment for hypolipidemic drugs follows that high level of serum cholesterol which is associated with an increased incidence of the coronary heart diseases. Significant reduction in LDL cholesterol and increase in HDL cholesterol concentration are significantly related with the lipid lowering therapy mainly20. In the present observation, Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and Marketed Formulation showed or expressed significant reduction in total cholesterol level and LDL cholesterol level as compared with the high fat diet fed control group. A big fall in the HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio was observed within Group II (high fat diet treated Adult wistar albino rats). Low level of HDL cholesterol is related to high risk of the coronary artery disease. The decrease or reduction triglyceride level in serum and significant reduction in atherogenic index in Kokilaksha Kashayam treated groups is a vital role for finding of this particular experiment. Most of the hypolipidemic drugs don’t decrease or reduce triglycerides level in serum but both sorts of Kokilaksha Kashayam as Kokilaksha Kashayam–T, M and Marketed Formulation reduced the elevated triglyceride level in serum significantly here. Thus, all of those Kokilaksha Kashayam preparations maintained all the serum parameters level just about the way of traditional and significantly. The Reverse back of atherogenic index provides or giving strong additional benefits within the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis disorders.
CONCLUSION:
It is observed from the figures and data that Kokilaksha Kashayam-T and M showed significant reduction the level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in that particular research. The advance study concludes that Kokilaksha Kashayam-T, M and Marketed Formulations may be useful for cardiac disorders if it is prepared as per standard method or protocol of preparation which is mentioned in Indian ayurvedic traditional text and analyzed. Traditional or conventional method of medication like Ayurveda has outstanding role for expansion of alternative and effective medicine. Whereas Kokilaksha Kashayam-T and M showing more significant as compare to Marketed Kokilaksha Kashayam formulation as per our research.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The author are immensely thankful to the Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutics and Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sarada Vilas College of Pharmacy, Mysore for providing the requisite facilities and the Corresponding Author specially thankful to Biju Patnaik University of technology, Odisha as a Registered research scholar.
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Received on 31.01.2020 Modified on 08.04.2020
Accepted on 16.05.2020 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(5):2426-2433.
DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00427